Navajo Traders Collection, 1868-1999.

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Navajo Traders Collection, 1868-1999.

NAU.MS.351


Descriptive Summary

Creator: Northern Arizona University.
Collection NameNavajo Traders Collection,
Inclusive Dates: 1868-1999.
Physical Description1.5 linear feet
AbstractRecords include correspondence, memos, annual reports, newspaper clippings, trading licenses, and treaties recording business dealings between Indian traders and the Navajo Nation. Specific trading posts include the John Hubbell Post, and those located at Gallup, Tonalea, Tuba City and Keams Canyon.
Collection NumberNAU.MS.351
Language English.
Repository Cline Library. Special Collections and Archives Department.
Northern Arizona University
Box 6022
Flagstaff, AZ 86011-6022
Phone: 928 523 5551
Fax: 928 523 3770
Email: Special.Collections@nau.edu

Historical Note

The Navajo reservation is the largest Indian reservation in the United States. Navajo started trading with Spanish by the end of the 17th century. Trade was later established with members of Southern Ute, Hopi, Yuma and Apache tribes. The first trader went onto Navajo territory a few years after the signing of the Navajo-U.S. treaty of 1868. Since the late 19th century, trading posts have been a prominent feature of Navajo economic life. Navajos shaped trade and traders to the way they lived and worked. So traders who did not accept Navajo ways were not very successfull, and often did not last long. The first trading post in and around the Navajo reservation appeared between 1870 and 1880. A store, now well known as Ganado Trading Post, was built in 1870s. This post was later bought by Lorenzo Hubbell, and it was well known as Hubbell's Trading Post from then on. During 1870s, Chaco Canyon Trading Post was also in operation. Around 1875 an Englishman named Thomas Varker Keam built a post at the foot of the Hopi Mesas known as Keam's Canyon.

Men like Lorenzo Hubbell of Ganado Trading Post, Thomas Keam of Keam's Canyon, the Wetherills of Kayenta and Dan DuBois were prominent Indian traders of Southwest.

Scope and Content Note

Records include correspondences, memos, annual reports, newspaper clippings, trading licenses, and treaties recording business dealings between Indian traders and the Navajo Nation. Specific trading posts include the John Hubbell post, and those located at Gallup and Keams Canyon. The General Navajo (1924-1982) records provide information on the following topics:Navajo way of living, Navajo Justice, Medicine Man, Wild Navajos of Four Corners, Chief Hoskaninni, Navajo Gold, Discovery of Ancient tower of Haskhekizh, Powow of the Navajo, Discovery of Betatakin, and Navajoland Pioneer.

Organization

Organized into four series.

Restrictions

Restrictions

None.

Copyright

It is the responsibility of the user to obtain permission to publish from the owner of the copyright (the institution, the creator of the record, the author or his/her transferees, heirs, legates, or literary executors). The user agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Arizona Board of Regents for Northern Arizona University, its officers, employees, and agents from and against all claims made by any person asserting that he or she is an owner of copyright.

Related Material

UITA Photograph Collection, NAU.PH.99.53
Day Family Collection [manuscript], NAU.MS.89.
Raymond Blair Trading Post records [manuscript], NAU.MS.303.
Babbitt Brothers Trading Company [manuscript], NAU.MS.83.

See also Voices from the Trading Post digital exhibit at https://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/traders/index.html

Access Points

Personal Name(s)
Hubbell, John Lorenzo.
Keam, Thomas V.

Corporate Name(s)
Hubbell Trading Post (Ganado, Arizona)

Geographic Name(s)
Ganado (Ariz.)--History.
Keams Canyon (Ariz.)--History.
Navajo Indian Reservation--History.

Subject(s)
Indian traders--Arizona--Ganado.
Indian traders--Arizona--Keams Canyon.
Indian traders--Navajo Indian Reservation.
Trading posts--Arizona--Ganado.
Trading posts--Arizona--Keams Canyon.
Trading posts--Navajo Indian Reservation.

Administrative Information

Credit Line

Navajo Traders Collection, NAU.MS.351, Cline Library. Special Collections and Archives Dept.

Container List

Series 1, box 1-2, Traders and Trading Posts, 1868 - 1999.
Box-folder
1.1 James E. Babbit, Trading Post along the Rainbow Trail, The Indian Trader, June, 1988.
Box-folder
1.2 Clyde Benally,et al., Dineji nakee naahane: A Utah Navajo History, Monticello, Utah : San Juan School District. ,
Box-folder
1.3 Anthony Berlant and Mary Hunt Kahlenberg, Walk in Beauty:the Navajo and their Blankets, Boston : New York Graphic Society. ,
Box-folder
1.4 George A. Boyce, Do Navajo Indians still need Trading Posts? ,
Box-folder
1.5 Blake Brophy, Shonto: Life in a Navajo Community, Arizona Days and Ways Magazine, September 27, 1959.
Box-folder
1.6 Mora McManis Brown, Traders at the Gap, The Desert Magazine, December, 1940.
Box-folder
1.7 Neil M.Clark, Desert Trader, The Saturday Evening Post, March 29, 1947.
Box-folder
1.8 Dane Coolidge and Mary Roberts Coolidge, Indian Traders and Indian Incomes, Navajo Indians, 1930.
Box-folder
1.9 Lewis Craig, A Day at a Trading Post, Scenic Southwest, 1953-1954.
Box-folder
1.10 Alice Den Dooven and Gaylord Staveley, Sandstone Supermarket, Western Gateways, Winter, 1967.
Box-folder
1.11 Ed Foutz Interview, March 9, 1998.
Box-folder
1.12 Carl Eickemeyer, Over the Great Navajo Trail, New York : [Little], 1900.
Box-folder
1.13 Elbert L.Little,Jr., Profit in Pinon Nuts, New Mexico, February, 1938.
Box-folder
1.14 John Kevin Fellin, The Role of C. N. Cotton in the Development of Northwestern New Mexico, New Mexico Historical Review 55:2, 1980.
Box-folder
1.15 Francis L. Fugate, Arbuckles' the Coffee that won the west, American West, January/February, 1984.
Box-folder
1.16 Walter Gibson, Nakai Toh:My days with the finest People on God's Green Earth. ,
Box-folder
1.17 Gouverneur Morris, Trading Post, The Saturday Evening Post, October 30, 1937.
Box-folder
1.18 Grover King, Earmarks-Navajo Sheep, Navajo Service, 1936.
Box-folder
1.19 Sandy Hassel, Kayla sells her first rug, Desert Magazine, January, 1952.
Box-folder
1.20 Sanford W. Hassel, A Trader views the Navaho, El Palacio, 1941.
Box-folder
1.21 Susan Hazen-Hammond, Gallup's great Trading Posts, New Mexico Magazine, March, 1984.
Box-folder
1.22 Elizabeth C. Hegemann, Navaho Silver, Southwest Museum Leaflets, November 29, 1962.
Box-folder
1.23 W.W.Hill, The status of the Hermaphrodite and Transvestite in Navajo Culture, American Anthropologist, 1935.
Box-folder
1.24 W.W.Hill, Navaho Trading and Trading Ritual:A Study of Cultural Dynamics, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 1948.
Box-folder
1.25 Philip Johnston, Tales from a Navajo Trading-Post, Touring Topics, June, 1933.
Box-folder
1.26 Philip Johnston, Taps for Wolf Post, Westways, December, 1953.
Box-folder
1.27 Charles Kelly, Graveyard of the Gods, The Desert Magazine, July, 1938.
Box-folder
1.28 Roger E. Kelly and Albert E. Ward, Lessons from the Zeyouma Trading Post near Flagstaff, Arizona, Historical Archaeology, 1972.
Box-folder
1.29 Rena Kerley, Every Day Experiences in Trading Post, June, 1953.
Box-folder
1.30 Maurice Kildare, The Saga of Blue-Eyed Herman, True West, March-April, 1967.
Box-folder
1.31 Maurice Kildare, Mr. Arbuckle's Coffee, True West, May-June, 1965.
Box-folder
1.32 Maurice Kildare, The Saddle Stiff, Frontier Times, August-September, 1976.
Box-folder
1.33 Ruth F. Kirk, Indian Traders, New Mexico, December, 1938.
Box-folder
1.34 Ruth Kirk, Shop at the Trading Posts, Westways, July, 1958.
Box-folder
1.35 Robert McPherson, "House of Merchandise", American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 1992.
Box-folder
1.36 Daniel H. Mitchell, An Indian Trader's plea for Justice, New Mexico Historical Review, 1972.
Box-folder
1.37 Frank D. Reeve, A Navaho struggle for Land, New Mexico Historical Review, January, 1946.
Box-folder
1.38 Cecil Calvin Richardson, Lives of the lonely, Arizona Highways, August, 1948.
Box-folder
1.39 Biography of Claude Richardson, June 9, 1971.
Box-folder
1.40 Correspondence: From Gladwell Richardson to Richard Van Valkenburgh, October 24, 1939.
Box-folder
1.41 Gladwell Richardson, Bonanza in the Ghost Post, Desert Magazine, July, 1966.
Box-folder
1.42 Gladwell Richardson, The Navajos call him brother, February, 1950.
Box-folder
1.43 Toney Richardson, Traders at Tonalea, The Desert Magazine, January, 1948.
Box-folder
1.44 C.C.Rister, Harmful Practices of Indian Traders of the Southwest, New Mexico Historical Review, July, 1931.
Box-folder
1.45 Joseph Schmedding, Life on the Desert, Desert Magazine, June, 1952.
Box-folder
1.46 Mrs. White Mountain Smith, Trader at Thunderbird, The Desert Magazine, May, 1938.
Box-folder
1.47 Mrs. White Mountain Smith, Tom Pavatea-Hopi Trader, The Desert Magazine, February, 1938.
Box-folder
1.48 Conversation with : Tom Bahti, Gateways. ,
Box-folder
1.49 Clifford E.Trafzer, Frontier Marshal of the 1920's: Sam day and the Murder of Frank Dugan. ,
Box-folder
1.50 Clifford E. Trafzer, Navajos and Anglo Indian Traders, El Corral de Santa Fe westerners, 1973.
Box-folder
1.51 Robert Utley, The Reservation Trader, El Palacio, Spring, 1961.
Box-folder
1.52 Biographical Notes:Richard F. Van Valkenburgh, 1904-1957.
Box-folder
1.53 Mrs. Wallace Crawford writes Interesting story of Burr Porter, February 3, 1950.
Box-folder
1.54 Albert E. Ward, The Arbuckle Coffee Canister. ,
Box-folder
1.55 Hilda Wetherill, The Trading Post, The Atlantic Monthly, September, 1928.
Box-folder
1.56 Dr. Philip W. Whiteley, Frontier Traders and Their Tokens. ,
Box-folder
1.57 John R. Winslowe, Trading Post Relics, Relics, Summer, 1968.
Box-folder
1.58 Clark Wissler, Indian Cavalcade : Life on the old-time Indian reservations, New York:Sheridan House, 1938.
Box-folder
1.59 Richard F. Van Valkenburgh, Ethnologist Material. ,
Box-folder
1.60 Trading Posts : A living History Lesson, Arizona Capitol Times, May 23, 1990.
Box-folder
2.61 The Journal of Arizona History, Tucson, Ariz. : Arizona Historical Society, Spring, 1977.
Box-folder
2.62 Tuba City Trading Post 1870-1979, Awareness Newspaper, Tuba City, February, 1979.
Box-folder
2.63 Indian Cultural Curriculum Center, Tuba city, Awareness Newspaper, October, 1977.
Box-folder
2.64 The Indian Traders, Brothers Five:The Babbitt of Arizona, 1989.
Box-folder
2.65 Navajo Rugs, Babbitt Brothers Trading Co. Flagstaff, Arizona. ,
Box-folder
2.66 Shopping along a Navajo Trail, Desert Magazine, August, 1963.
Box-folder
2.67 Edgar K. Miller, The Indain and the Trader, The Indian School Journal, September, 1907.
Box-folder
2.68 Living the good life in old Keams Canyon, The Indian Trader, August, 1988.
Box-folder
2.69 Tokens of the Golden Olden Days, The Indian Trader, April, 1974.
Box-folder
2.70 Trading With Navajos, Mazzo Magazine. ,
Box-folder
2.71 Frank Staplin, First Navajo Indian Fair, The Indian School Journal, March, 1910.
Box-folder
2.72 Crafts Del Navajo, The School Arts Magazine, March, 1931.
Box-folder
2.73 Monument Valley Trading Post and Lodge. ,
Box-folder
2.74 Navajo Indian Culture. ,
Box-folder
2.75 Newspaper Articles. ,
Box-folder
2.76 Correspondence: From D.M. Riordan, D.M. Riordan's Letterbook, February-June, 1884.
Box-folder
2.77 Licenses to Traders. ,
Box-folder
2.78 Indian Traders and their relations with Indians, Memorandum: Eastern Navajo Jurisdiction, 1930
Box-folder
2.79 Statistics Accompanying Annual Report, 1889-1905
Box-folder
2.80 Documents: From Vandever's Annual Report to the Commissioner on the Navajos, 1890.
Box-folder
2.81 Correspondence: Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, Washington, September, 1901.
Box-folder
2.82 Documents: Navajo/Ute Treaty of 1868. ,
Box-folder
2.83 Dipping Records, 1930
Box-folder
2.84 Report to Commissioner of Indian Affairs on Navajo Trading, April, 1949.
Box-folder
2.85 Robert S. McPherson, Trading Posts, Utah History Encyclopedia. ,
Box-folder
2.86 The Rug to Regional Period, Navajo Art, 1890-1940.
Box-folder
2.87 Navajo Weaving and McSparron, Biography: Clan McSporran. ,
Box-folder
2.88 Wool Clip, Navajo Service, 1936.
Series 2, box 3, Hubbells and Hubbell Trading Post, 1917 - 1992.
Box-folder
3.89 Ben Avery, Navajo Economy Built by Trader, Arizona Republic. ,
Box-folder
3.90 Isaac Barth, Prince of Pioneers, St. Johns Observer, July, 1937.
Box-folder
3.91 David M. Brugge, History of Hubbell Trading Post. ,
Box-folder
3.92 Harold S. Colton, The Hubbell Trading Post at Ganado, Plateau. ,
Box-folder
3.93 Edward B. Danson, Last of the Frontier Merchants, National Park Magazine, May, 1960.
Box-folder
3.94 Richard Dillon, Hubbell's Trading Post, Outdoor Arizona, August, 1976.
Box-folder
3.95 Dickson Hartwell, White Brother of the Navajo, Collier's, April 30, 1949.
Box-folder
3.96 O. C. Havens, Transportation Pioneers, November, 1938.
Box-folder
3.97 John Lorenzo Hubbell, Fifty years An Indian Trader, Touring Topics, December, 1930.
Box-folder
3.98 John Lorenzo Hubbell, Navajo Indian Trader, University of Arizona General Bulletin No. 6, July 1, 1942.
Box-folder
3.99 Burke Johnson, The Story of Don Lorenzo, Arizona Days and Ways Magazine, December, 1965.
Box-folder
3.100 Dorothy Challis Mott, Don Lorenzo Hubbell of Ganado, Arizona Historical Review. ,
Box-folder
3.101 Thomas S. Hubbell Jr., Arizona Pioneer Dies, Tucson Daily Star, September 23, 1949.
Box-folder
3.102 Maggie Wilson, She's 'Estzan Nez' (Tall Women) among the Navajos. ,
Box-folder
3.103 Newspapaer Articles on Don Lorenzo Hubbell's Death. ,
Box-folder
3.104 Senator Hubbell takes Big Contract, April 10, 1917.
Box-folder
3.105 Newspaper Articles on the murder of Charles Hubbell, 1919.
Box-folder
3.106 Inter Park Messenger, 1992.
Box-folder
3.107 Hubbell Trading Post. ,
Box-folder
3.108 History of Ganado, Arizona, Museum Notes, April, 1934.
Box-folder
3.109 Correspondence: Navajo Fort Defiance Arizona. ,
Box-folder
3.110 J. L. Hubbell, Catalogues. ,
Box-folder
3.111 Table Displaying the Hubbell Operations. ,
Series 3, box 3, Keams and Keam Canyon, 1871 - 1947.
Box-folder
3.112 Godfrey Sykes, In the Kiva of the Snake clan, The Desert Magazine, August, 1947.
Box-folder
3.113 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Tom Keam - Friend of the Moqui, The Desert Magazine, July, 1946.
Box-folder
3.114 Thomas Varker Keam: The Biography. ,
Box-folder
3.115 Interview with Tom Keam Jr., Rodger Davis, Interpreter, August 1, 1940.
Box-folder
3.116 Thomas Varker Keam, Clippings from San Diego Paper. ,
Box-folder
3.117 Thomas Varker Keam, Clippings from New Mexican(Santa Fe), 1871-1872
Box-folder
3.118 Thomas Varker Keam, Clippings from New Mexico Historical Review. ,
Box-folder
3.119 Thomas Varker Keam, Stewart Culin in American Anthropologist,January, 1905.
Box-folder
3.120 Correspondence: Sherman to McCrary, September 9, 1878.
Box-folder
3.121 Thomas Varker Keam, Correpondence from F. W. Hodge to Will C. Barnes, June 15, 1932.
Box-folder
3.122 Correspondence: P.M. Hamer to Senator Carl Hayden, February 21, 1940.
Box-folder
3.123 Correspondence: From Thomas V. Keam, 1897.
Box-folder
3.124 Copy of Statement mailed by Burton to Commissioner on 2/28/01. ,
Box-folder
3.125 Circular: Moqui Indian Agency, Keams Canon, Arizona, September 29, 1914.
Box-folder
3.126 Correspondance: To The Commissioner of Indian Affairs from Department of the Interior, United States Indian Service, Moqui Agency, March 14, 1913
Navajo blanket Industry.
Box-folder
3.127 Licence to Thomas Varker Keam, Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, October 28, 1892.
Box-folder
3.128 Correspondence: To Indian Traders, Keam's Canyon, Arizona, 1905.
Box-folder
3.129 Correspondence: To the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hopi Training School, Keam's Canyon, Arizona, August 30, 1900.
Series 4, box 4, General Navajo , 1924 - 1982.
Box-folder
4.130 Laura Adams Armer, In Navajo Land, New York: D. McKay Co., 1962.
Box-folder
4.131 S. H. Babington, Navajos, gods and tom-toms,New York: Greenberg, 1950.
Box-folder
4.132 Willa Current Bowra, Released Without Bond. ,
Box-folder
4.133 J. Lee Correll, Navajo Frontiers in Utah, Utah Historical Quarterly. ,
Box-folder
4.134 Maynard Dixon, Arizona in 1900. ,
Box-folder
4.135 Earle R. Forrest, The Wild Navajos of the Four Corners, Travel, January, 1924.
Box-folder
4.136 Sandy Hassell, Navajo Justice, Desert Magazine, January, 1951.
Box-folder
4.137 Sandy Hassell, Big Talks 'Borrows' the Trader's Ax, Desert Magazine, November, 1951.
Box-folder
4.138 Frederick Webb Hodge, Old Dan Dubois. ,
Box-folder
4.139 John Edwin Hogg, Big Medicine, Touring Topics, August, 1931.
Box-folder
4.140 John Edwin Hogg, Two Indian Daughters, Touring Topics, May, 1931.
Box-folder
4.141 Langford Johnston, Long walk escapees, True west, May, 1982.
Box-folder
4.142 Philip Johnston, My Boyhood with the Navajos, Touring Topics, September, 1931.
Box-folder
4.143 Charles Kelly, Lost silver of pish-la-ki, The Desert Magazine, December, 1940.
Box-folder
4.144 Charles Kelly, Chief Hoskaninni, Utah Historical Quarterly. ,
Box-folder
4.145 Charles Kelly, Hoskaninni, The Desert Magazine, July, 1941.
Box-folder
4.146 Maurice Kildare, The Wind Whispered Death, The West. ,
Box-folder
4.147 Maurice Kildare, Littleman's strange revenge, True West, July-August, 1967.
Box-folder
4.148 Ruth Falkenburg Kirk, Wool Weights, New Mexico, June, 1934.
Box-folder
4.149 John S. MacClary, Trail-Blazer to Rainbow Bridge, The Desert Magazine, June, 1938.
Box-folder
4.150 Mrs. White Mountain Smith, Lena Blue Corn-Potter of Hopiland, The Desert Magazine, October, 1939.
Box-folder
4.151 Crawford R. Buell, The Navajo "Long walk": Recollections by Navajos, Brand Book, 1973.
Box-folder
4.152 Cecil Calvin Richardson, The Navajo Way, Arizona Highways, July, 1948.
Box-folder
4.153 Toney Richardson, Trees that died of fear, The Desert Magazine, March, 1947.
Box-folder
4.154 Arthur H. Seigfried, Al Wetherill of the Mesa Verde, True West, September-October, 1965.
Box-folder
4.155 Mrs. White Mountain Smith, Navajo Gold, The Desert Magazine,November, 1938.
Box-folder
4.156 John Stewart MacClary, Feel of the Desert. ,
Box-folder
4.157 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Blood Revenge of the Navajo, The Desert Magazine, October, 1943.
Box-folder
4.158 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Born to be a Navajo Medicine Man, The Desert Magazine, October, 1939.
Box-folder
4.159 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Captain red shirt, New Mexico, July, 1941.
Box-folder
4.160 Richard Van Valkenburgh, We found the ancient Tower of Haskhek-izh, The Desert Magazine, June, 1940.
Box-folder
4.161 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Tsosi tells the story of Massacre Cave, The Desert Magazine, February, 1940.
Box-folder
4.162 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Wolf men of the Navajo, The Desert Magazine, January, 1948.
Box-folder
4.163 Richard Van Valkenburgh, When white hat returned to the land of the witch woman, Desert Magazine, May, 1952.
Box-folder
4.164 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Long walk of very slim man, Desert Magazine, April, 1946.
Box-folder
4.165 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Black horse of the red rocks, The Desert Magazine, January, 1944.
Box-folder
4.166 Richard Van F. Valkenburgh, Sacred Ram of the Navajo, The Desert Magazine, October, 1945.
Box-folder
4.167 Richard Van Valkenburgh, We saw the devil chant of the Navajo, The Desert Magazine, March, 1947.
Box-folder
4.168 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Don't Knock on a Hogan door, The Desert Magazine, October, 1947.
Box-folder
4.169 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Big Bead Mesa-where campfires burned in the ancient days, The Desert Magazine, February, 1945.
Box-folder
4.170 Richard Van Valkenburgh, Last Powow of the Navajo, The Desert Magazine, November, 1946.
Box-folder
4.171 Richard Van Valkenburgh, We found the hidden shrine of old Makai, The Desert Magazine, September, 1946.
Box-folder
4.172 John R Winslowe, Black Hawk, True West, January-February, 1968.
Box-folder
4.173 Al Wetherill, As I Remember, The Desert Magazine, May, 1945.
Box-folder
4.174 Benjamin A.Wetherill, How I Found the Mesa Verde Ruins, Touring Topics, February, 1931.
Box-folder
4.175 John Wetherill, How the Raven got his coat, Star, April 26,
Box-folder
4.176 John Wetherill, Notes on the Discovery of Betatakin, Plateau, April, 1955.
Box-folder
4.177 Marietta Wetherill, Prisoners of the Paiutes, Desert Magazine, April, 1952.
Box-folder
4.178 Marietta Wetherill, Adventure in Anthropology, New Mexico, July, 1954.
Box-folder
4.179 Marietta Wetherill, A Piano for Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico, 1951.
Box-folder
4.180 Richard Wetherill, Death of a Medicine Man, Scribner's Magazine, May, 1932.
Box-folder
4.181 Mabel C. Wright, Itinerant Photographer, New Mexico, November, 1958.
Box-folder
4.182 Robert Young and William Morgan, The Trouble at Round Rock, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1952.
Box-folder
4.183 Statement of W. F. Williams, May 22, 1929.
Box-folder
4.184 Navajoland Pioneer Dies, October, 1963.
Box-folder
4.185 Traveling the Padres' Trail, St. Michaels Arizona : Mission Travel Club, October, 1939.
Box-folder
4.186 The Story of Tolchaco, Museum Notes, August, 1936.
Box-folder
4.187 Interesting Westerners, Sunset Magazine, May, 1917.
Box-folder
4.188 Legend of Coal Mine Canyon. ,